The Authority for the Auditing and Social Supervision of Drinking Water and Basic Sanitation (AAPS) is the Bolivian regulator, whose functions include monitoring compliance with the commitments undertaken by providers in relation to drinking water and sewerage service provision quality, with the aim of ensuring the achievement of management indicators in the areas of coverage, continuity, quality, quantity and sustainability.

Accordingly, AAPS has a Manual on the Monitoring and Auditing of Providers, which sets forth a sanctions and fines system that determines the types of infringements in which providers may incur, which include the following:

• Infringements related to the provision of an emergency drinking water service.
• Infringements related to the suspension or the continuity of the service.
• Infringements related to non-compliance with reporting obligations toward AAPS or users.
• Infringements related to user service.
• Infringements related to wastewater discharges that exceed permitted quality values.
• Infringements related to any non-compliance in permitted drinking water parameters assessed according to the risk
  posed for population health.
• Infringements related to non-compliance with obligations related to insurance policies, charges to users (tariffs) and
  contributions or payments to AAPS or users.

The manual defines the fine for each type of infringement according to the severity of the non-compliance case.

The General Law on the Regulatory and Tariff Framework for Drinking Water and Sanitary Sewerage Provision in the Republic of Paraguay indicates that the Sanitary Services Regulator may apply different types of sanctions to providers and users, which include warnings, fines, protective measures, contractual rescission or permit revocation, or facilities closure.

Sanctions are related to a series of infringements stipulated in law on matters such as the following:

• Infringement of General Law provisions or regulations issued by ERSSAN.
• Provider non-compliance with any of their obligations.
• User non-compliance with any of their obligations.
• Drinking water loss at the facilities.
• Malfunction of consumption meters.
• Errors in billing and/or distribution of utilities bills.
• Non-compliance with water quality parameters.

Accordingly, ERSSAN adopted an infringements and sanctions regulation detailing the types of sanctions to be applied, violation categories (minor, severe or major), fine amounts and aggravating and mitigating circumstances, as well as procedures for payment or revocation, among other aspects.

In Zambia, the Water Supply and Sanitation Act (No. 28 of 1997) states that utility’s operating license can be suspended or cancelled if a provider fails to meet license conditions.

Other penalties applicable under the same act can penalize an individual (a staff member of a provider) if they are found to be responsible for a negligent act leading to the provision of unsafe water. This can be a fine, imprisonment, or both. The National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (NWASCO) carries out annual inspections of 11 commercial utilities and six private schemes, with findings published in sector reports.